Students in MACS honors course launch podcast about university life



MACS podcast group
(Photos by J. Sidney Malone, photography intern)

When Angela Aguayo, associate professor of media and cinema studies, was considering a project for her MACS 199: Documentary and Social Change honors course that would help her students connect the community through media, the idea for a student-generated podcast came to mind. 

She knew podcasts were a familiar forum for university students and would offer an opportunity for them to talk about meaningful topics, helping them to make sense of what they’ve endured in the last couple of years. 

“These are kids who missed rituals around their formative years because of what happened [with the COVID-19 pandemic] and they’re trying to pick up the pieces and understand what education means to them. So, I thought this [podcast] would be a really great way to integrate the practices of storytelling with their own experience,” Aguayo said. 

What she didn’t anticipate is how much she would learn by listening to each of her student’s stories, which spotlight the highs and lows of the college experience in a post-isolation world.  

“This is a wonderful moment—they delivered more than I expected. Many of these students are science and engineering majors and I was delighted at their embrace of media arts practice, and I learned so much about them through the stories they filed,” Aguayo said. 

Professor Angela Aguayo's class

Aguayo’s course, which was restricted to Chancellor’s Scholars in the Campus Honors Program, drew students from the Grainger College of Engineering to the College of Education to the College of Fine and Applied Arts. Their 19-episode podcast, which is aptly named “One Big Midwestern University,” features students talking about how to make friends as college freshmen, finding simple joys, isolation, the pressure to find jobs, anti-transgender culture, and more. 

Each episode, averaging 10 minutes long, addresses something different. Aguayo promises that listeners will “hear from people you’ve never met” and “learn about spaces you probably wouldn’t normally enter.”

“I was moved by the students’ willingness to share and be vulnerable. They saw that in the most effective documentary films that created change, that’s what was there, getting to something real and honest,” Aguayo said. “Your audio can be messed up a little bit and your images can’t all be great but if you’re delivering real and honest [material], it’s compelling.”

Freshman Elias Newton, majoring in architecture, chose to talk about dealing with feelings of loneliness and substance use on campus. Newton said the project helped him to realize that “most people are going through something.” 

Newton also appreciated the class’s emphasis on learning the art of storytelling. 

“With storytelling versus other forms of portraying issues, storytelling is what’s the most memorable and the most impactful and the most moving,” he said. 

Emma Schmahl, a freshman studying elementary education, filed a story on making friends as a freshman. Schmahl said she wanted to hear people’s personal experiences, and to get advice on what works and what doesn’t. 

“The assignment taught me how to talk to people in an interview setting and then [how to take] these pieces of audio and [make] something out of it,” Schmahl said. 

The “One Big Midwestern University” podcast is also made possible thanks to Aguayo’s Illinois Community Media Project, funded by Chancellor Jones’s Call to Action to Address Racism & Social Injustice Research Program. One pillar of her project, which began nearly two years ago, is finding ways to get students to engage with communities around media production.

Last semester, one of Aguayo’s media and cinema studies classes worked with the Champaign-Urbana Public Health District and Immigrant Services of Champaign-Urbana to organize a family photo booth, creating 60 framed photos for local immigrant families. 

Aguayo is grateful to be at the University of Illinois, where she feels encouraged to offer her students hands-on learning experiences with community media.

“I came to this campus because I wanted to be with people who innovate and think about the university’s connection to the world. It’s exciting to be in an environment where innovation in public engagement is supported, and to be at an institution that brings the smartest and the brightest and the accomplished students to campus,” Aguayo said.  

MACS podcast listening party

While most of the students in the class are new media-makers, Aguayo said when she first suggested the idea of a podcast to her students, they were excited and eager to tell stories that connect people.

“Many of them had ever done anything like this, but it turned out amazing,” she said. “They understood what it meant to bring voices to the table that we don’t hear all the time, they understood what it meant to tell stories that mattered to people, they understood what it meant to be vulnerable in that process and that thrilled me. [Their] stories are captivating.” 

Matthew Schmitt, a freshman double-majoring in computer engineering and physics, focused on using exercise to maintain mental health on college campuses.  

Schmitt said the class offers an invaluable experience, using sound to convey a message and even perhaps spark a social change. 

“I think we need more people with the skills that this class is teaching us,” he said. “The class teaches us we can use these forms of media to try to cause some sort of social change. And that’s important because a lot of people don’t think that they can cause change just by creating something and putting it out there, but you can. I think it’s important to know that you can cause the change that you want to see in the world.”

“One Big Midwestern University” debuts on Spotify on December 15. The podcast will soon be listed on Apple Podcasts and Google Podcasts. The united hope of the class is that it might bring people together to discuss topics that are important to students and that it provides value to the community. 

“I think it would be nice if [people] listened to it and they hear real stories that are a little bit different from what they’ve heard before,” Schmahl said. “I just want people to hear it and feel like they can relate to other people’s experiences and know that what they’re experiencing—if it’s happy or not so happy or stressful—other people are experiencing the same things and they’re not alone.”

Student-produced sci-fi film receives multiple honors at film festivals



“Do you think it’s possible to build a computer that simulates real life? … If you were living in a simulation, would you be able to tell?” So begins The Goji Project, a short science fiction film produced by students in MACS 480: Advanced Filmmaking last spring. The film has received recognition from three film festivals this fall. 

The Goji Project set
Students in media and cinema studies, advertising, and theatre collaborated on a short film for Advanced Filmmaking in Spring 2022, which received honors from three film fests this fall. Pictured are Raiya Wen (BFA ’22, FAA); Lincoln Rogers (BS ’22, advertising); and Robyn Pease (senior in media and cinema studies). 

The Goji Project won Best Sci-Fi from Crown Point International Film Festival in October, which awards films in a monthly competition for filmmakers around the world. It also received an honorable mention for a student film at Art Film Awards, and a certificate of achievement in the Sci-Fi Short category at LA International Film Festival’s Indie Short Fest.

Students produced The Goji Project in the course taught by Victor Font, lecturer in the Department of Media & Cinema Studies, and premiered it at the UIUC Student Film Festival in April. The nearly 23-minute film was written and directed by Lincoln Rogers, then a senior in advertising who graduated in May 2022. 

“The best part of the whole process for me was the connections I made with the other people in the class,” said Rogers, who is now a creative maker at SOCIALDEVIANT, an advertising service in Chicago. “When you’re in go-mode, on the clock, filming, those connections happen really quickly…. And what started as a script that I read to the class over a Zoom meeting became this story that was really meaningful to everybody, that we all got to have a hand in bringing to life.”

Rogers was inspired by a philosophical piece called “The Simulation Argument” by Nick Bostrom: “How likely is it that we are the first real humans, rather than digital copies made by humans far more advanced than us?” Rogers explained. He contemplated how people derive value from their lives and make sense of patterns and coincidences. 

What started as a script that I read to the class over a Zoom meeting became this story that was really meaningful to everybody, that we all got to have a hand in bringing to life.

“My favorite scene is the conversation between the two Gojis, when orange-hair Goji says [to blue-hair Goji] that, ‘No matter what the simulation means, it is beautiful.’ The unknowns of the universe can be terrifying, but they came together in this crazy way to create a beautiful world for us.”

As a Media student, Rogers knew he wanted to make movies and said Font “is an amazing professor” and took his Advanced Filmmaking course twice “because it was such a valuable experience.” Rogers is already working on his next film—another sci-fi—”about a man who works at an insurance agency who has an advanced AI assistant implanted in his brain.”

CPIFF Goji Project

Font created the Advanced Filmmaking course in 2019 but it wasn’t offered in 2020 due to the pandemic. The Department of Media & Cinema Studies has been collaborating with the Department of Theatre in the College of Fine and Applied Arts to recruit student actors for their Advanced Filmmaking course. This fall, Theatre’s Advanced Scriptwriting course will generate the script to be used this spring. The class will also collaborate again with Krannert Center for the Performing Arts, as they did in 2019 with the Department of Theatre to create the short film Red Ball. The MACS course plans to film before spring break and to edit a first draft to present at the 2023 UIUC Student Film Festival.

“More resources lead to more talent, better productions, and more achievements,” Font said about the cross-campus collaboration. He also hopes their recognition by film festivals will attract more students interested in pursuing media and cinema studies as a major and a career. 

“I’m sure this is our first award of a lot and better ones to come,” Font added.

See behind-the-scenes photos from various stages of filming The Goji Project, which used the new production studio in Gregory Hall to hold auditions and the television studio set at Illinois Public Media to construct a dorm room.

Watch The Goji Project:

Film credits: 

  • Written and Directed by: Lincoln Rogers (BS ’22, advertising)
  • Executive Producer: Victor Font, lecturer of media and cinema studies 
  • Original Score: Tony Rogers (Lincoln’s father)
  • Director of Photography: Robyn Pease (Class of 2023, media and cinema studies)
  • Chief Lighting Technician: Nathan Carlberg (BS ’22, media and cinema studies)
  • Starring: Raiya Wen and Ben Mathew (both BFA ’22, theatre/acting, College of Fine and Applied Arts)

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2022-23 Ebert Fellows announced



Ebert illustration

Through the annual Roger Ebert Fellows program, established in 2015 at the College of Media, three undergraduate students are selected each fall to gain in-depth learning experiences that focus on critical thinking, arts and entertainment criticism, and interpretative journalism. 

The 2022-23 Roger Ebert Fellows are Levi (Lee) Beckett, Andrew Stover, and Tania Trejo, all media and cinema studies majors. 

Named after the late Pulitzer Prize-winning film critic and University of Illinois journalism alumnus Roger Ebert, the Ebert Fellows will receive a stipend and work closely with Michael Phillips, film critic for the Chicago Tribune, to strengthen their writing, radio, video, and storytelling skills across a wide range of multimedia platforms. The experience, coordinated through the Roger Ebert Center for Film Studies, will prepare them for an increasingly competitive arts and entertainment media job market.

Over the past two years, the COVID-19 pandemic caused the program to adopt a hybrid model, but this year will offer more in-person interactions. The students will connect monthly with Phillips for workshops. They will also attend film festivals, including the True/False Film Fest in Columbia, Missouri, in March. 

“It’s been very difficult to work around the limitations of what we had to do when it was almost entirely online,” Phillips said. “I sense that people are eager and grateful for a return to as much in-person activity as they feel is possible.”

Phillips has been an advisor and mentor since the program began and has enjoyed working with the students. He hopes that they learn as much from him as he does from them. 

“I want to make them more confident about doing something they’ve never done before,” Phillips said. “I try to get all of us to think hard about what it is we’re trying to say when we write something and how well we’ve argued our point.”

Meet the 2022-23 Ebert Fellows:

Lee Beckett

Lee Beckett is a junior in media and cinema studies, with a minor in political science. Beckett has always enjoyed the art of filmmaking and critiquing films. He appreciates Roger Ebert’s work and is excited to explore new opportunities and to network. 

“I think by getting experience and hearing from people who have learned by trial and error is the best way to learn,” Beckett said. “We’re going to go to a couple film festivals and we’re going to meet with some people who are making content in the local area and also in Chicago, so I’m hoping to learn from professionals.”

On campus, Beckett is involved in the Young Democratic Socialists of America and Red Bison, an ecological restoration organization.

Beckett’s favorite film is Fantastic Mr. Fox because he “really likes the story and the characters and it’s simple and fun, but it also has a deeper theme underneath.”

Andrew Stover

Andrew Stover is a junior in media and cinema studies, with a minor in critical film production. He developed his interest in film in 2016 and created a blog dedicated to reviewing films. Stover is a longtime fan of Roger Ebert’s work and is honored to be chosen as a fellow. 

“I have a genuine passion for film criticism, and I was excited to be selected. It’s a great honor,” Stover said. “I hope to gain more experience outside of film.” 

Stover continues his passion for critiquing films by writing reviews for Film Threat, an independent film review site where he’s published more than 125 reviews. He looks forward to working with Phillips and the other fellows to expand his skills.

“Having a broad knowledge of film, podcasting, and other forms of media that I will learn about during this fellowship will help me be able to do more than just film-centric [work],” Stover said. 

Stover said his favorite satirical comedy is The Truman Show because he “admires Jim Carrey’s dramatic turn as Truman Burbank” and thinks it is one of his best performances.

Tania Trejo

Tania Trejo is a senior in media and cinema studies. She loves to plan and create films. Trejo hopes to highlight the Latino community in her work in the future. 

“This fellowship will help me achieve my goals by providing me with different skills such as interviewing, writing, and podcasting,” Trejo said. “I will also get more exposure and access. Since I will be working with people who are in the industry, I am excited to ask more questions about what they do.”

Trejo said she is also excited to attend film festivals and watch films that she would not normally watch on her own. 

Currently, her favorite movie is Everything Everywhere All at Once because “the movie itself tackles issues that first-generation American families face in a funny and sentimental way.” 

Media Literacy Theme 2022-23

reading news on laptop

During the 2022-23 academic year, the College of Media will explore a theme of media literacy to build community and connections for students, faculty, and staff. The idea for an annual, opt-in theme emerged during the College of Media strategic planning process in 2020, and selection of a theme is voted on by faculty and staff each spring.

Josh Heuman, a teaching assistant professor in the Department of Media & Cinema Studies and the Department of Journalism, was appointed by College of Media Dean Tracy Sulkin as a Dean’s Fellow. He will work with department and college leadership teams to facilitate activities around media literacy this academic year. Learn more.

Media Literacy Initiatives in the College of Media

Initiative for Media Education Inquiry and Action (IMEDIA)
The Initiative for Media Education Inquiry and Action was formed by the College of Media and the College of Education, along with the cofounder of the Illinois Media Literacy Coalition, to help fill educators’ needs for media literacy training and curriculum development. In Summer 2022, IMEDIA held a media literacy workshop for public school educators. Learn more. 

Political Advertising Literacy Research Group
The Political Advertising Literacy Research Group includes researchers in the University of Illinois College of Media and at the University of Tennessee. The researchers are investigating how much U.S. voters know about political advertising, called political advertising literacy, and improve their knowledge to effectively cope with misleading political advertising. Their research was featured in Forbes in September 2022. 

Media Matters eText
This eText aims to empower readers with increased media literacy, or the ability to access, analyze, evaluate, create, and communicate using a variety of media. Anyone with a University of Illinois netID can view this multimedia-rich, online textbook. The book is authored by College of Media faculty Amanda Ciafone, associate professor of media and cinema studies; Stephanie Craft, professor of journalism and associate dean for academic affairs; and Michelle Nelson, professor of advertising. 

Upcoming Events

More details to come.

Past Events

National Media Literacy Week
October 24-28, 2022
Learn more. | View resources.

Defining and Measuring News Literacy
September 21, 2022
As part of the Center for Advanced Study’s Initiative on Conspiracy, Misinformation, and the Infodemic, Stephanie Craft, professor of journalism and associate dean for academic affairs, presented a talk on “Defining and Measuring News Literacy.” 

About the presentation: 
The rapid spread of misinformation during the COVID-19 pandemic has increased calls for news literacy to help reduce endorsement of misinformation, conspiracy theories, and other falsehoods. Recent research showing that individuals with higher levels of news literacy are more likely to reject COVID-19 misinformation and conspiratorial thinking suggests that improving news literacy could be part of a strategy to equip individuals to reject health misinformation. However, varied approaches will be necessary to engage with groups that differ in political orientation, race, age and news consumption habits.

James W. Carey Faculty Fellows selected for 2022-24

Angela Aguayo and Chang-Dae Ham

Two College of Media faculty members affiliated with the Institute of Communications Research have been selected as James W. Carey Faculty Fellows for academic years 2022-2024. Both Angela Aguayo, associate professor of media and cinema studies, and Chang-Dae Ham, associate professor of advertising and director of graduate studies in advertising, will receive the honor and a stipend to support their research activities. 

As a Carey Faculty Fellow, Aguayo will work on a book project called Collective Matters, which examines how traditions in the humanities, health care, law, and education manifest through documentary in non-theatrical spaces, addressing the rituals of media producing, screening, and circulating that bind communities across time. During his Carey Faculty Fellow tenure, Ham will conduct research on digital data literacy and privacy issues. 

Established in 2021, the James W. Carey Fund for Faculty Excellence was endowed by Carey’s four sons to honor their father’s legacy at the College of Media and within the field of media. At ICR, Carey earned his doctoral degree, was a research professor, and served as director (1969-1976); he also served as dean of the college. The Carey Fund supports research activities of the outstanding faculty in ICR, the world’s oldest program for interdisciplinary research and doctoral education in communication and media studies. 

To join Carey’s family, former students, colleagues, and friends in growing the endowment, please visit the College of Media giving page, click on the orange “Give Online Now” button, and select the Carey Fund under “Nurture Excellence in Media Faculty.”

Finke receives UIAA 2022 Comeback Award

Kevin Finke (BS ’92, advertising) received a University of Illinois Alumni Association Comeback Award, given to prominent and accomplished alumni who are invited to participate in various activities during Homecoming Weekend, with a focus on providing opportunities for honorees to interact with current students, and sharing information about their professional experiences and the value of their University of Illinois education.

Finke is founder and chief experience officer of Experience Willow, a human-centered design and consulting firm in Decatur, Georgia. At Illinois, he was an athlete in volleyball; a student leader in the Student Alumni Association (as well as Alpha Tau Omega and Mortar Board); and Homecoming king. Finke is an in-demand speaker and conference facilitator, and he is proud to be an active member of the LGBTQ community, where he advocates for equitable and inclusive business environments. He and his husband Rob Stalder live and work together in Decatur, Georgia.

Finke (pictured below, fifth from left) met with seniors in Media during the Student Leader Lunch and was part of a panel discussion with other alumni award winners.

KatieClark-MakaylaWilson-OliviaRice-NateWalinder-KevinFinke-AniruddhaPai-RyanLeshock-NicoleWozny
College of Media attendees at the Student Leader Lunch included Katie Clark, senior assistant dean for student services; Makayla Wilson, media and cinema studies; Olivia Rice, media and cinema studies; Nate Walinder, advertising; Kevin Finke (BS ’92, advertising); Aniruddha Pai, computer science + advertising; Ryan Leshock, advertising; and Nicole Wozny, advertising.

 

ICR alum and prominent scholar Krippendorff passes away at age 90

Institute of Communications Research alumnus Klaus Krippendorff (PhD ’67), one of the most prominent researchers and scholars in the field of communications, passed away in early October at the age of 90. Krippendorff was an emeritus professor of communication who had taught at the University of Pennsylvania Annenberg School for Communication for 55 years. One of his many contributions to the field is the Intercoder Reliability Method that is named after him (Krippendorff’s Alpha Reliability). This method is widely used in the field of communications and social science of quantitative content analysis and allows researchers to verify the accuracy of the reliability between coders. He also developed Krippendorff’s Quadrilogy, a software that computes four reliability coefficients from numerous binary coded units of analysis. He was also a past president of the International Communication Association. He authored many books, including The Reliability of Generating Data (2022), Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology (2019), On Communicating: Otherness, Meaning, and Information (2009), and more.

View his obituary in the Philadelphia Inquirer.

Klaus Krippendorff

Media faculty receive SHIELD Illinois grant to study public attitudes of COVID-19 testing

SHIELD testing site

Three College of Media faculty have received a $25,000 research grant from SHIELD Illinois for a project that will examine public attitudes, news framing, and online engagement about SHIELD COVID-19 testing. The analyses will help inform best practices and strategies for future campaigns addressing public health crises.

SHIELD is the University of Illinois System’s statewide saliva-based COVID-19 testing program that began in Fall 2020. More than 1,700 K-12 schools, community colleges, universities, and other organizations make up the program’s client base.

MUSE research team
The MUSE research group.

The faculty members conducting the research are Ewa Maslowska, assistant professor of advertising; Margaret Ng, assistant professor of journalism; and Harsh Taneja, associate professor of new and emerging media in the Charles H. Sandage Department of Advertising. Last spring, they formed a research group called MUSE to study media users and consumers through interdisciplinary methods. The SHIELD research is the group’s first funded project.

Maslowska, Taneja, and Ng broadly research media usage: Maslowska specializes in marketing communication and consumer behavior. Taneja focuses on how and why people consume media. Ng studies how data from social media platforms can be used to explore an event or issue in a different way.

The group will investigate social media discourse, news coverage, and other data to understand how the public responded to SHIELD’s communications. Their findings will be published in academic articles, compiled into a report for the general public, and posted on an interactive online dashboard in summer 2023. SHIELD plans to use the findings to further benefit the state of Illinois.

In initial observations, Taneja said that COVID-19 is different from past public health crises because of the influence of social media.

In terms of physical transmission, “COVID -19 is perhaps similar to several other bugs in the past in how far and fast it can spread,” he said. “And then you add social media, which is available to both increase the scale and the speed of transmission of information about it.”

In a state as diverse as Illinois, geographic differences also must be considered when analyzing public perceptions of COVID-19.

“We are very mindful of the fact that attitudes towards COVID, in general, downstate, tend to be very different from attitudes towards COVID, than, let’s say, in Chicago,” Taneja added.

Even though vaccine hesitancy has existed before COVID-19, Ng said that this pandemic was the first time every citizen needed to make a personal decision about vaccination in a relatively short period of time. While social media has become the main source of information, misinformation about vaccination is also widespread. 

“With minimal restrictions on post content, misinformation easily becomes widespread on social media,” Ng said. “That’s why a study on the SHIELD health campaign will reveal the opportunities and challenges the effort encountered in the past two years.”

The last few years have given media scholars like Ng and her colleagues new research opportunities. The pandemic and other public health crises shouldn’t just be understood from a biological perspective, she argues.

“It really depends on the communication side—communication scholars have a very unique position to help make sure that society as a whole can get that benefit from vaccination,” Ng said. “And I’m very glad that we got the funding so that our media expertise can benefit the whole state at both a societal level and at an individual level.” 

—Vivian La, Communications Intern

Political journalists from CNN, NPR, Wall Street Journal, Chicago Tribune to speak on politics and elections

Frank Center panelists

The Richard and Leslie Frank Center for Leadership and Innovation in Media at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign will host four of the country’s top political journalists—David Chalian from CNN, Domenico Montanaro from NPR, Vivian Salama from the Wall Street Journal, and Alice Yin from the Chicago Tribune—for a panel discussion on what it’s like to cover politics and elections in 2022. 

Titled “Reporting on Politics and Elections in 2022,” the panel will be held Thursday, Oct. 13, from 6-7 p.m., in the Knight Auditorium of Spurlock Museum, 600 S. Gregory, Urbana.

The event is free and open to the public and will be broadcast live via Zoom; register to join via Zoom at https://go.illinois.edu/politics-elections-2022

Panelists include:

  • David Chalian, CNN Political Director
  • Domenico Montanaro, NPR Senior Political Editor
  • Vivian Salama, Wall Street Journal National Security Reporter 
  • Alice Yin, Chicago Tribune City Hall Reporter
  • Moderator: Colleen King, Frank Center for Leadership and Innovation in Media Director and Clinical Assistant Professor of Journalism

The panelists will weigh in on the upcoming midterm elections and potential national outcomes, from the fate of President Joe Biden to the control of Congress, and more. Audience questions will be welcomed toward the end of the hour or may be submitted through the Zoom registration form.

David Chalian is CNN’s vice president of political coverage and political director. In his role, Chalian oversees CNN’s daily political coverage across all platforms, the polling and decision desk operations, and helps guide the editorial content for the network’s special event political programming.

Domenico Montanaro is NPR’s senior political editor/correspondent. Based in Washington, D.C., his work appears on air and online delivering analysis of the political climate in Washington and campaigns. 

Vivian Salama covers national security for the Wall Street Journal, based in Washington. She has covered U.S. foreign policy and national security issues for nearly two decades, reporting from more than 75 countries. Most recently, she has reported extensively from Ukraine.

Alice Yin is a reporter for the Chicago Tribune’s metro desk, responsible for covering the ins and outs of Cook County government and the Obama Presidential Center. 

This event is presented by the Frank Center for Leadership and Innovation in Media at the University of Illinois College of Media. 

Learn more at https://media.illinois.edu/frankcenterpanel2022

For more information, please contact Colleen King, director of the Frank Center for Leadership and Innovation in Media and clinical assistant professor of journalism, at cck@illinois.edu.

What do we know about political advertising?

political ads graphic

It can be challenging to distinguish between a paid political ad and one that is not in today’s media environment, especially on social media. News Bureau editor Lois Yoksoulian spoke with advertising professor Michelle Nelson about the topic. New research from Nelson and her colleagues found that most adults—even those who are politically engaged and educated—do not fully understand online targeting, sources and funding for political ads, or the unique regulatory environment for political speech that is different from commercial speech.

Michelle Nelson
Professor Michelle Nelson (Photo by L. Brian Stauffer)

Are political ads regulated, and how do they differ from commercial ads?

Political ads are a form of political speech, which is given more protection than commercial speech under the First Amendment, with the idea that the free flow of political information is essential for the functioning of a democracy. Commercial speech, which includes advertising for products and services, has been defined as speech that merely proposes a commercial transaction.

Only commercial speech is regulated by the Federal Trade Commission, motivated by the governmental interest of providing true and nonmisleading information to consumers. Not all commercial speech is advertising, and not all advertising is commercial speech. An ad for a McDonald’s burger is commercial speech, subject to the FTC rules regarding false and misleading information. An ad for a candidate is political speech, not subject to the FTC rules or any content-based guidelines.

However, the Supreme Court has said that time, place and manner restrictions can apply to political ads. For example, laws that require funding disclosure don’t compromise the content of the speech because they provide citizens with information regarding the message’s source. So, there is some regulation for political ads regarding source disclosure.

Is this level of regulation adequate?

No, especially on social media. For example, the “Stand By Your Ad” provision of the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, which requires anyone running for federal office to include the “I approve this message” as part of their ads, only applies to TV and radio, not to social media.

What this means for U.S. voters is that they may not be able to know the true source of the political message. It’s like the Federal Election Commission hasn’t caught up to what’s happening in the media environment. Increasingly, people are getting their political ads and information online. I believe that people have the right to know the source of messages so they can best evaluate the message.

False ads can be challenged through defamation and libel, but those processes take time. The challenge must be filed by the parties who feel wronged, and they probably will not be resolved before that campaign period is long over. So, these measures probably are not strong deterrents.  

Any regulations about the message content may be seen as ”chilling” political speech. I’m not sure we want the government to censor ads’ content.

How can citizens determine who is behind a political ad if it is unclear?

As political speech, political advertising is regulated by the FEC. There are clear rules for source disclaimers such as who paid for it, whether it was endorsed by the candidate—on radio, newspaper, TV, outdoor and “communications placed for a fee on another person’s website”—but none exist for social media.

Ironically, some of the big tech companies are offering transparency. You can find out some information. For example, Meta offers an ad library, so you can see which organizations are spending money on the platform and how many ads were run, etc., and from there, you could click on the organization’s website. Google now has a verification process and offers transparency on who’s running ads online, and the FEC offers information about super PACS. People could visit OpenSecrets.org to find out more information about super PACS, as well.  

However, that’s a lot of work. Most people probably do not have the time for this intensive search. It would be better, in my opinion, if there were clear, consistent and conspicuous guidelines for source disclosure in digital media, where people could see the organization and link to the organization’s website and donors.

What are some of the differences between political ads that we might see on television versus those we might encounter on social media?

First, it’s pretty easy to recognize a TV or radio ad. However, it’s not always so easy in social media. The FTC requires that paid advertisements or influencers include a “clear and conspicuous” disclosure—but not all ads have that disclosure, or it’s not so clear and conspicuous.

Second, you may not encounter political ads on all of your social media. In October 2019, Twitter announced it would stop accepting paid political advertising. This change was a significant move for a technology company whose revenue relied partly on political advertising. The action set off a series of decisions from other social media companies to regulate paid political advertising. While some companies also banned paid political advertising or instilled fact-checking, some platforms remained open for paid political advertising. YouTube announced it would do some limited fact-checking but would not allow microtargeting of ads.

I doubt there will be any governmental restrictions on political advertising on social media, but, interestingly, more than half of American surveyed in a Pew Research Center poll believed that social media shouldn’t allow political ads.

Third, some research suggests that a more diverse set of candidates advertise on Facebook, and the content of the messages may be less negative, less issue-focused and more partisan than TV commercials. This probably means that social media advertising is more targeted—probably to those who already agree with the messages. So we aren’t seeing a broad array of messages in our social media feed—we see those that we already know or with which we agree. The messages may be more like reminder messages or nudges to vote than informational content.

What steps can citizens take to increase their political advertising literacy in preparation for the current midterm and upcoming 2024 presidential election cycles?

Everyone could learn more about political advertising regulations and sources. Our research group made the brief video (see below) to help all voters understand some of the key issues. We also have a website with more information, tips and even a quiz where you can check out your knowledge.

Also, the Annenberg Public Policy Center runs a fact check website where you can get all kinds of information on ads and check out if an ad is false or misleading from across the political spectrum.

And know that even though most political ads are probably providing some good information, we should all carefully scrutinize the information and check a variety of sources before entering the voting booth.

Editor’s note: To reach Michelle Nelson, call 217-344-5068; email nelsonmr@illinois.edu.

Lois Yoksoulian, Physical Science Editor, University of Illinois News Bureau

View original press release.

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